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Why a ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students? With a line of credit you only borrow what you need, when you need it. And you have convenient access to your funds whenever and wherever you want. Read on to learn more. Am I eligible? Yes, if you are: * A Canadian citizen or a landed immigrant, and * Enrolled in a degree or diploma program at a public, not-for-profit Canadian post-secondary institution. How much? * Full-time undergraduates - up to $10,000 per academic year, to a maximum of $40,000. Part-Time undergraduates up to $5,000 per academic year, to a maximum of $20,000. * Graduate students - up to $10,000 per academic year to a maximum of $20,000. Please note: The total maximum unsecured credit limit for ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students is $50,000. If you have borrowed the maximum (i.e. $40,000) under an Undergraduate program, the maximum credit you would be allowed to borrow for a Graduate program or MBA program, is an additional $10,000. Do I need a co-borrower? Yes. A suitable supporting borrower (usually a parent or both parents) is required in order to apply for a ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students. If you are a Graduate Student you may apply without a supporting borrower. All applications must meet Scotiabank's normal credit criteria. MBA Students Scotiabank has developed a special program to address the particular borrowing needs of MBA students. MBA students, both Part-Time and Full-Time, can borrow up to $40,000 and a supporting borrower may not always be necessary. Those students enrolled in programs with a duration of less than 18 months, can access their full credit limit immediately. Those students in programs with a duration of greater than 18 months, have access to limits proportional to the duration of their program. MBA students may apply to all publicly funded Canadian Colleges and Universities, as well as a select group of American and International schools. These non-Canadian schools include: Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Kellogg School of Management, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Duke University, University of Michigan, Columbia University, Cornell University, University of Virginia, University of Chicago, Dartmouth College and Yale University, as well as INSEAD (France), London School of Business (England), IMD International (Switzerland) and Erasmus University (Rotterdam). Interested in interest rates ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students is available at interest rates as low as Scotiabank Prime + 1% - some of the best rates available for unsecured credit. Find out the current interest rates by calling 1-800-9-Scotia (1-800-972-6842) or 416-288-4655 in Metro Toronto or by visiting any Scotiabank branch. Flexible Payment Monthly interest-only payments are required while you are at school. Regular repayment of your line of credit (e.g. Principal & Interest payments) begins eight months after you finish your studies. You can use your ScotiaCard™ to make ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students and VISA account payments at ABM machines and through the TeleScotia® Telephone Banking and Scotia OnLine® Internet Banking services. Recognizing that finding employment might take some time, you have an automatic eight-month grace period where interest-only payments are due, before regular repayment of your loan begins. You may have up to 15 years to repay your loan, depending upon your line of credit balance upon graduation. Time is of the essence You can have payments for your ScotiaLine personal line of credit for students, Scotia Student Loan or Scotia Student VISA* card debited automatically from your Scotiabank bank account through our Pre-Authorized Debit (PAD) system. Visit your Scotiabank branch to set up this option, then just make sure the funds are available in your Scotiabank account on the payment due date and we will automatically debit your account for the payment. Establish and maintain a good credit rating Building a good credit rating now will go a long way to help meeting your future financial goals. In order to ensure a good credit rating, it is essential that you make your minimum monthly student loan payments on time. By making your payments on time, you demonstrate good money management and financial responsibility - essential for future borrowing. If you expect to have difficulty in meeting payments on time, talk to us first! 1 Business Consolidations o 1.1 Types of Business Consolidations o 1.2 Common Terminology Used in Business Consolidations * 2 Accounting treatment (USGAAP) o 2.1 Reporting Intercorporate Interest — Investments in Common Stock * 3 See also [edit] Business Consolidations [edit] Types of Business Consolidations There are three forms of business combinations: * Statutory Merger: a business combination that results in the liquidation of the acquired company’s assets and the survival of the purchasing company. * Statutory Consolidation: business combination that creates a new company in which none of the previous companies survive. * Stock Acquisition: a business combination in which the purchasing company acquires the majority, more than 50%, of the common stock of the acquired company and both companies survive. * Amalgamation: Means an existing Company which is taken over by another existing company. In such course of amalgamation, the consideration may be paid in cash or in Kind, and the purchasing company servises in this process. [edit] Common Terminology Used in Business Consolidations * Parent-subsidiary relationship: the result of a stock acquisition where the parent is the acquiring company and the subsidiary is the acquired company. * Controlling Interest: When the parent company owns a majority of the common stock. * Non-controlling interest or Minority interest: the rest of the common stock that the other shareholders own. * Wholly owned subsidiary: when the parent owns all the outstanding common stock of the subsidiary. Amalgamated Company is formed when in the process of amalgamation, the combined company is formed out of the transaction. The amalgamated company is otherwise called the transferee company. The company or companies, which merge into the new company, are called the transferor companies and, the company, into which the transferor companies merge, is known as the transferee company. "Amalgamating company" : The company or companies, which are merged, are called the "amalgamating companies". The amalgamating company or companies are also called the "transferor company/companies." [edit] Accounting treatment (USGAAP) A company can acquire another company in two ways: * By purchasing the net assets. * By purchasing the common stock of another company. Regardless of the method of acquisition direct costs, costs of issuing securities and indirect costs are treated: * Direct costs: the acquiring company capitalizes direct costs paid to outside parties as part of the total acquisition cost. * Costs of issuing securities: these costs reduce the issuing price of the stock. * Indirect and general costs: the acquiring company expenses these costs as they are incurred. 1. Purchase of Net Assets 1. Treatment to the acquiring company: When purchasing the net assets the acquiring company records in its books the receipt of the net assets and the disbursement of cash, the creation of a liability or the issuance of stock as a form of payment for the transfer. 1. 1. Treatment to the acquired company: The acquired company records in its books the elimination of its net assets and the receipt of cash, receivables or investment in the acquiring company (if what was received from the transfer included common stock from the purchasing company). If the acquired company is liquidated then the company needs an additional entry to distribute the remaining assets to its shareholders. 1. Purchase of common stock 1. Treatment to the purchasing company When the purchasing company acquires the subsidiary through the purchase of its common stock, it records in its books the investment in the acquired company and the disbursement of the payment for the stock acquired. 1. 1. Treatment to the acquired company: The acquired company records in its books the receipt of the payment from the acquiring company and the issuance of stock. FASB 141 Disclosure Requirements FASB 141 requires disclosures in the notes of the financial statements when business combinations occur. Such disclosures are: The name and description of the acquired entity and the percentage of the voting equity interest acquired. The primary reasons for acquisition and descriptions of factors that contributed to recognition of goodwill. The period for which results of operations of acquired entity are included in the income statement of the combining entity. The cost of the acquired entity and if it applies the number of shares of equity interest issued, the value assigned to those interests and the basis for determining that value. Any contingent payments, options or commitments. The purchase and development assets acquired and written off. [edit] Reporting Intercorporate Interest — Investments in Common Stock 1. 20% ownership or less: When a company purchases 20% or less of the outstanding common stock, the purchasing company’s influence over the acquired company is not significant. (APB 18 specifies conditions where ownership is less than 20% but there is significant influence). The purchasing company uses the cost method to account for this type of investment. Under the cost method, the investment is recorded at cost at the time of purchase. The company does not need any entries to adjust this account balance unless the investment is considered impaired or there are liquidating dividends, both of which reduce the investment account. Liquidating dividends: Liquidating dividends occur when there is an excess of dividends declared over earnings of the acquired company since the date of acquisition. Regular dividends are recorded as dividend income whenever they are declared. Impairment loss: An impairment loss occurs when there is a decline in the value of the investment other than temporary. 2. 20% to 50% ownership When the amount of stock purchased is between 20% and 50% of the common stock outstanding, the purchasing company’s influence over the acquired company is often significant. The deciding factor, however, is significant influence. If other factors exist that reduce the influence or if significant influence is gained at an ownership of less than 20%, the equity method may be appropriate (FASB interpretation 35 underlines the circumstances where the investor is unable to exercise significant influence). To account for this type of investment the purchasing company uses the equity method. Under the equity method, the purchaser records its investment at original cost. This balance increases with income and decreases for dividends from the subsidiary that accrue to the purchaser. Treatment of Purchase Differentials: At the time of purchase, purchase differentials arise from the difference between the cost of the investment and the book value of the underlying assets. Purchase differentials have two components: * The difference between the fair market value of the underlying assets and their book value. * Goodwill: the difference between the cost of the investment and the fair market value of the underlying assets. Purchase differentials need to be amortized over their useful life; however, new accounting guidance states that goodwill is not amortized or reduced until it is permanently impaired, or the underlying asset is sold. 3. More than 50% ownership When the amount of stock purchased is 50% of the outstanding common stock, the purchasing company has control over the acquired company. Control in this context is defined as ability to direct policies and management. In this type of relationship the controlling company is the parent and the controlled company is the subsidiary. The parent company needs to issue consolidated financial statements at the end of the year to reflect this relationship. Consolidated financial statements show the parent and the subsidiary as one single entity. During the year, the parent company can use the equity or the cost method to account for its investment in the subsidiary. Each company keeps separate books. However at the end of the year a consolidation working paper is prepared to combine the separate balances and to eliminate the intercompany transactions, the subsidiary’s stockholder equity and the parent’s investment account. The result is one set of financial statements that reflect the financial results of the consolidated entity In finance, credit (as in the term "credit card") is the granting of a loan and the creation of debt. Any movement of financial capital is normally quite dependent on credit, which in turn is dependent on the reputation or creditworthiness of the entity which takes responsibility for the funds. The term credit is used similarly in commercial trade, to refer to the approval for delayed payments for purchased goods. Sometimes, credit is not granted to a person who has financial instability or difficulty. Companies frequently offer credit to their customers as part of the terms of a purchase agreement. Organizations that offer credit to their customers frequently employ a credit manager. Credit is denominated by a unit of account. Unlike money (by a strict definition), credit itself cannot act as a unit of account. However, many forms of credit can readily act as a medium of exchange. As such, various forms of credit are frequently referred to as money and are included in estimates of the money supply. Credit is also traded in the market. The purest form is the credit default swap market, which is essentially a traded market in credit insurance. A credit default swap represents the price at which two parties exchange this risk — the protection "seller" takes the risk of default of the credit in return for a payment, commonly denoted in basis points (one basis point is 1/100 of a percent) of the notional amount to be referenced, while the protection "buyer" pays this premium and in the case of default of the underlying (a loan, bond or other receivable), delivers this receivable to the protection seller and receives from the seller the par amount (that is, is made whole). Helping people get out of debt since 1958 Your Answer to Overwhelming Credit and Stress Problems * Consolidate All Bills * Immediate Relief from Creditors * Not a Loan, So No Qualifying * Education provided by a non-profit educational foundation. Find out where you stand Click here for a free evaluation & analysis! or Have One of Our Credit Counselors Contact You! Credit Advisors Customers Bill of Rights We get you what you want when you want it! We will not waste your time! We give credible content, not fluff! We don't exploit you! American Association of Debt Management Organization Arbor Investment Council on Accreditation CreditAdvisors.com The Oldest Consolidation Service in the United States Long-term funds are bought and sold: * Shares * Debentures * Long-term loans, often with a mortgage bond as security * Reserve funds * Euro Bonds Borrowed capital This is capital which the business borrows from institutions or people, and includes debentures: * Redeemable debentures * Irredeemable debentures * Debentures to bearer * Shareholders are effectively owners; debenture-holders are creditors. * Shareholders may vote at AGMs and be elected as directors; debenture-holders may not vote at AGMs or be elected as directors. * Shareholders receive profit in the form of dividends; debenture-holders receive a fixed rate of interest. * If there is no profit, the shareholder does not receive a dividend; interest is paid to debenture-holders regardless of whether or not a profit has been made. Factors determining fixed capital requirements * Nature of business * Size of business * Stage of development * Capital invested by the owners * Usually results in more customers than cash trade * Can charge more for goods to cover the risk of bad debt * Gain goodwill and loyalty of customers * People can buy goods and pay for them at a later date. * Farmers can buy seeds and implements, and pay for them only after the harvest. * Stimulates agricultural and industrial production and commerce. Forms of credit * Suppliers credit: o Credit on ordinary open account o Instalment sales o Bills of exchange o Credit cards * Contractor's credit * Factoring of debtors * Nature of the business's activities * Financial position * Product durability * Length of production process * Competition and competitors' credit conditions * Country's economic position * Conditions at financial institutions * Discount for early payment * Debtor's type of business and financial position Some text from the Department of Human Resources and Social Development Canada: The CSLP was created in 1964. Since its inception, the Program has supplemented the financial resources available to eligible students from other sources to assist in their pursuit of post-secondary education. Between 1964 and 1995 , loans were provided by financial institutions to post-secondary students who were approved to receive financial assistance. The financial institutions also administered the loan repayment process. In return, the Government of Canada guaranteed each Canada Student Loan that was issued, by reimbursing the financial institution the full amount of loans that went into default. In 1995, several important changes were made to Canada Student Loans. First, the Canada Student Financial Assistance Act was proclaimed, replacing the existing Canada Student Loans Act (which still remains in force to this day) reflecting the changing needs of the parties involved in the loan process, including the conferred responsibility of the collection of defaulted loans to the banks themselves. The Government of Canada developed a formalized "risk-shared" agreement with several financial institutions, whereby the institution would assume responsibility for the possible risk of defaulted loans in return for a fixed payment from the Government which correlated with the amount of loans that were expected to be, or were, in default in each calendar year. During this period, the weekly federal loan amount was increased to a maximum of $165. On July 31, 2000, the risk-shared arrangement between the Government of Canada and participating financial institutions came to an end. The Government of Canada now directly finances all new loans issued on or after August 1, 2000. The administration of Canada Student Loans has become the responsibility of the National Student Loans Service Centre (NSLSC). There are two divisions of the NSLSC, one to manage loans for students attending public institutions and the other to administer loans for students attending private institutions. Defaulted Canada Student Loans disbursed under this new regime are now collected by the Canada Revenue Agency which, by Order in Council dated August 1, 2005, became responsible for the collection of all debts due under programs administered by Human Resources and Social Development Canada. Due to the close nature of the Canada Student Loan Program (CSLP) and the provincial student loan programs, the changes in 1995 and 2000 were largely mirrored by the provincial programs. As a result of these changes, students who attended school before and after these transition years may find that they have up to 6 different loans to manage (pre-1995 federal & provincial; 1995-2000 federal & provincial; and post-2000 federal & provincial). The extent to which this is possible depends largely on a student's province of residence. * Federal student loans made to students directly: No payments while enrolled in at least half time status. If a student drops below half time status, the account will go into its 6 month grace period. If the student re-enrolls in at least half time status, the loans will be deferred, but when they drop below half time again they will no longer have their grace period. Amounts are quite limited as well. * Federal student loans made to parents: Much higher limit, but payments start immediately * Private student loans made to students or parents: Higher limits and no payments until after graduation, although interest will start to accrue immediately. Private loans may be used for any education related expenses such as tuition, room and board, books, computers, and past due balances. Private loans can also be used to supplement federal student loans, when federal loans, grants and other forms of financial aid are not sufficient to cover the full cost of higher education. Private student loans These are loans that are not guaranteed by a government agency and are made to students by banks or finance companies. Advocates of private student loans suggest that they combine the best elements of the different government loans into one: They generally offer higher loan limits than direct-to-student federal loans, ensuring the student is not left with a budget gap. But unlike to-the-parent government loans, they generally offer a grace period with no payments due until after graduation. This grace period ranges as high as 12 months after graduation, though most private lenders offer six months. Private loans generally come in two types: school-channel and direct-to-consumer. School-channel loans offer borrowers lower interest rates but generally take longer to process. School-channel loans are 'certified' by the school, which means the school signs off on the borrowing amount, and the funds for school-channel loans are disbursed directly to the school. Direct-to-consumer private loans are not certified by the school; schools don't interact with a direct-to-consumer private loan at all. The student simply supplies enrollment verification to the lender, and the loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the student. While direct-to-consumer loans generally carry higher interest rates than school-channel loans, they do allow families to get access to funds very quickly — in some cases, in a matter of days. Some argue that this convenience is offset by the risk of student over-borrowing and/or use of funds for inappropriate purposes, since there is no third-party certification that the amount of the loan is appropriate for the education finance needs of the student in question. Direct-to-consumer private loans are the fastest growing segment of education finance and, as such, a number of providers are introducing products. Loan providers range from large education finance companies to specialty companies that focus exclusively on this niche. Such loans will often be distinguished by the indication that "no FAFSA is required" or "Funds disbursed directly to you." Private student loan rates are lower than non-specialized private loans (e.g., "signature" loans) but slightly higher than government loan rates. That may be changing, as pending legislation would raise government student loan rates to similar rates as private student loans. Consumers should be aware that some private loans require substantial up-front origination fees. These fees raise the real cost to the borrower and reduce the amount of money available for educational purposes. Most private loan programs are tied to one or more financial indexes, such as the Wall Street Journal Prime rate or the BBA LIBOR rate, plus an overhead charge. Because private loans are based on the credit history of the applicant, the overhead charge will vary. Students and families with excellent credit will generally receive lower rates and smaller loan origination fees than those with less than perfect credit. Money paid toward interest is now tax deductible. Private loans often carry an origination fee. Origination fees are a one-time charge based on the amount of the loan. They can be taken out of the total loan amount or added on top of the total loan amount, often at the borrower's preference. Some lenders offer low-interest, 0-fee loans, but these are usually available only to those with high credit scores (800 or more). Each percentage point on the front-end fee gets paid once, while each percentage point on the interest rate is calculated and paid throughout the life of the loan. Some have suggested that this makes the interest rate more critical than the origination fee. In fact, there is any easy solution to the fee-vs.-rate question: All lenders are legally required to provide you a statement of the "APR (Annual Percentage Rate)" for the loan before you sign a promissory note and commit to it. Unlike the "base" rate, this rate includes any fees charged and can be thought of as the "effective" interest rate including actual interest, fees, etc. When comparing loans, it may be easier to compare APR rather than "rate" to ensure an apples-to-apples comparison. APR is the best yardstick to compare loans that have the same repayment term; however, if the repayment terms are different, APR becomes a less-perfect comparison tool. With different term loans, consumers often look to 'total financing costs' to understand their financing options. Eligible loan programs generally issue loans based on the credit history of the applicant and any applicable cosigner/co-endorser/coborrower. This is in contrast to federal loan programs that deal primarily with need-based criteria, as defined by the EFC and the FAFSA. For many students, this is a great advantage to private loan programs, as their families may have too much income or too many assets to qualify for federal aid but insufficient assets and income to pay for school without assistance. Additionally, many international students in the United States can obtain private loans (they are ineligible for federal loans in many cases) with a cosigner who is a United States citizen or permanent resident. The terms for alternative loans vary from lender to lender. A common suggestion is to shop around on ALL terms, not just respond to "rates as low as..." tactics that are sometimes little more than bait-and-switch. Examples of other borrower terms and benefits that vary by lender are deferments (amount of time after leaving school before payments start) and forebearences (a period when payments are temporarily stopped due to financial or other hardship). These policies are solely based on the contract between lender and borrower and not set by Department of Education policies. Federally subsidized consolidations are not available for alternative student loans, though several lenders offer private consolidation programs. Borrowers of privately subsidized student loans may face the same restrictions to bankruptcy discharge as for government based loans: New legislation makes clear that these loans are, like federal student loans, not dischargeable under bankruptcy. Even before the legislation was passed, however, private student loans that were guaranteed 'in whole or in part' by a nonprofit entity are non-dischargeable in bankruptcy (and most private loans, regardless of the lender, were indeed guaranteed by a nonprofit). This section of FinAid discusses a loophole that allows students who have bank-based federal student loans in the FFEL program to consolidate those loans while they are still in school. This loophole was confirmed by the US Department of Education in Dear Partner Letter GEN-05-08. The loophole has been repealed, effective July 1, 2006, by the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 (HERA 2005).

Student Loan Consolidation Normally, only students in the Direct Loan program can consolidate their loans using the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan Program while they are still in school. Students in the FFEL program must wait until after they graduate to consolidate their loans. (All students can consolidate their loans during the grace and repayment periods.) Direct Loan borrowers who consolidated during the in-school period retained their grace periods. The ability of Direct Loan borrowers to consolidate during the in-school period was repealed by HERA 2005 effective July 1, 2006.

However, it appears that students with FFELP loans can ask that their loans be put into repayment status early. Once the loans are in repayment status, they can be consolidated.

This loophole is based on section 428(b)(7) of the Higher Education Act, which defines repayment period as follows:

REPAYMENT PERIOD. -- (A) In the case of a loan made under section 427 or 428, the repayment period shall exclude any period of authorized deferment or forbearance and shall begin --

Similar language appears in the regulations at 34 CFR 682.209(a)(5):

For a Stafford loan, the repayment period begins prior to the end of the grace period if the borrower requests in writing and is granted a repayment schedule that so provides. In this event, a borrower waives the remainder of the grace period.

Although this provision of the Higher Education Act was apparently intended to allow students to enter repayment before the end of the grace period, ending the grace period early, nothing in the act or regulations prevents a student from entering repayment before the beginning of the grace period (i.e., during the in-school period).

If a student's loans are in repayment, regardless of whether the student is still in school, they can be consolidated per section 428C(a)(3)(A) of the Higher Education Act:

DEFINITION OF ELIGIBLE BORROWER. -- (A) For the purpose of this section, the term "eligible borrower" means a borrower who --

is not subject to a judgment secured through litigation with respect to a loan under this title or to an order for wage garnishment under section 488A; and

at the time of application for a consolidation loan -- is in repayment status;

is in a grace period preceding repayment; or

is a defaulted borrower who has made arrangements to repay the obligation on the defaulted loans satisfactory to the holders of the defaulted loans.
Since the student will be in repayment, the applicable interest rate will be the repayment rate, not the in-school rate. Some lenders are giving the loans an in-school deferment before consolidating them, in order to let them lock in the lower in-school interest rate.

After the student has consolidated their loans, the consolidation loan is given an in-school deferment, delaying the repayment obligation until after the student graduates. The student loses the remainder of the grace period. Some lenders, however, are giving the students a financial benefit that is the equivalent of the lost grace period.

Thus exploiting the loophole involved a coordinated three-step process:

Ask the current holder of your loans to put them into early repayment status. The loans then are eligible for consolidation, and are at the repayment rate.
Ask the lender for an in-school deferment. This returns the loans to the in-school rate and suspends the repayment obligation.
Consolidate the loans. This locks in the in-school rate, but loses the remainder of the grace period. The in-school deferment is retained, deferring the repayment obligation until the student graduates.
This loophole applies only to students in the bank-based (FFEL) student loan program. Students in the Direct Loan program can directly consolidate during the in-school period, and so do not need this loophole.

Students who will be graduating soon should not use this loophole. Instead, they should wait until they are in the grace period to consolidate, in order to lock in the lower in-school interest rate and maximize the use of their grace period.

Not every continuing student will be able to consolidate. For a student to consolidate, there has to be a lender who is willing to consolidate their loans. Most lenders will only consolidate loans for students with loan balances of at least $7,500. A few have minimum balances of $5,000, and the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan Program has no minimum balance. So most college freshmen and sophomores will be unable to find a lender willing to consolidate their loans.
Note that exploiting this loophole requires the cooperation of the current holder of the student's loans. Lenders are not required to grant early repayment status. If the current holder of a student's loans is unwilling to give the loans early repayment status, the student will not be able to consolidate their loans while still in school. Most lenders require students to consolidate their loans with them as a condition of granting early repayment status.

Who Can Consolidate

Both student and parent borrowers can consolidate their education loans. (Students and parents cannot combine their loans through consolidation, since only loans from the same borrower can be consolidated. But they can consolidate their loans separately.)

Married students are no longer able to consolidate their loans together. This provision was repealed effective July 1, 2006. When married students consolidated their loans together, each spouse became responsible for the full amount of the loan, and the loans could not be separated if the couple got divorced. To avoid such problems in the future, Congress decided to repeal this provision as part of the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005.

Students can only consolidate their education loans during the grace period or after the loans enter repayment. (Loans that are in default but with satisfactory repayment arrangements may also be consolidated.) Students can no longer consolidate while they are still in school. (The early repayment status loophole and the ability of Direct Loan borrowers to consolidate during the in-school period was repealed as part of the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005, effective July 1, 2006. Parents, however, can consolidate PLUS loans at any time. Both student and parent borrowers can consolidate their education loans. (Students and parents cannot combine their loans through consolidation, since only loans from the same borrower can be consolidated. But they can consolidate their loans separately.